This week in the War, 2–8 December 1940: Greeks advance into Albania

The Greece-Bulgaria front was quiet.

This allowed Greek C-in-C, Alexandros Papagos, to transfer the bulk of his forces to oppose the Italian invasion coming from Albania. Despite the Greek’s lack of armour and inability to oppose the Italians in the air, early December saw a string of Greek successes.

On 3 December, the Greeks crossed the River Kalamas (in north-western Greece) and entered the Albanian village of Sarande. The following day, they reached Permet, taking large numbers of Italian prisoners. The picture above left shows Greek troops marching through the Albanian town of Korce. On 6 December, with the Greeks fully in control of Sarande, the Commander-in-Chief of the Italian armed forces, Marshal Badoglio, resigned.

Although small, the Greek army was better clothed than their opponents and also better trained for fighting in the harsh, mountainous terrain. But the Greeks were not motorized, and so in no position to exploit their success. Even so, they had forced the Italian C-in-C to resign in disgrace, and caused Mussolini’s prestige to sink to an all-time low.

Hitler would eventually come to the rescue of his friend. Britain was beginning to send help to the Greeks, in the form of troops, the navy, and the RAF, but little had arrived to-date.

The picture to the right shows Greek general, Alexandros Papagos (left) with British general, Archibald Wavell (right), the latter being C-in-C Middle East and C-in-C of the British Expeditionary Force to Greece.

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This week in the War, 25 Nov–1 Dec 1940: ‘This is London’ — the broadcasts of Edward R. Murrow

“This is London.” Such was the signature opening of American broadcast journalist Edward R. Murrow, speaking on the radio from Britain’s beleaguered capital. Air raid sirens could be heard in the background. Bombs were starting to fall.

His broadcasts were followed eagerly by his fellow Americans, back home, (and also by the Canadian listening public).

This week in the war, on 27 November 1940, Ed’s broadcast described a whimsical incident in a pub in Essex. A man in a baggy overcoat had walked in and demanded a dry sherry. He sat and started scrawling strange hieroglyphics into his notebook. When questioned by the locals, he replied in monosyllables, with oddly-accented ‘yahs.’ Everyone was thinking: German spy.

And can you blame them? With German paratroopers dropping on Buckingham Palace disguised as nuns (so the rumour went), the nation was gripped by spy-fever. There was even a German spy, Funf, in Tommy Handley’s comedy show. So it had to be true.

Back to Ed Murrow’s pub in Essex: The local constabulary was contacted and the police soon arrived. The ‘spy’ turned out to be an American newspaper reporter. In 1940, most Brits had never met an American and were unfamiliar with the US style of speech. (That would change by 1944, when a million Americans were camped all over England in readiness for D-Day). As for the hieroglyphics: It was shorthand. (Does anyone remember shorthand?).

This incident and others like it are recounted in the book This Is London by Edward R. Murrow (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1941).

YouTube has an old recording (with modern video cleverly incorporated) of one of Ed’s broadcasts from the Blitz. It’s titled Edward R. Murrow Was Here.

He usually signed off with “Good night, and good luck”—a habit adopted from the Londoners. With the Luftwaffe bombing London every night, people were never sure they’d be alive in the morning.

Ed’s ‘Good night, and good luck’ catchphrase was a bit like Mrs. Mopp’s ‘Ta ta for now.’

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Guest blog by Lottie Stoddart: K.B. Stoddart, prisoner of war

It is so often the case that we only begin to ask questions about a close family member’s war when it is too late. Such was the case with my Grandfather, Kenneth Bowring Stoddart (back row, third from left in photograph above), former prisoner of war during World War II. I doubt he would have told me very much anyway. Just like many of his generation he didn’t like to discuss it. I think this was fostered by the fact that he was captured in 1942 on almost his first venture to the front line, and was then not released until American soldiers liberated his camp (Brunswick Oflag 79) in 1945. It is hard to discuss a war where you felt you contributed nothing more than years of ceaseless waiting.

My father and I were clearing out Grandpa’s office after his death in 2009. He had not allowed anyone to touch it in 50 years and we didn’t know what we might find there. So picture our delight at finding every single letter written home to his parents, still tied in the string packages my great grandmother had originally secured. They date from the start of his training in 1939, through his entire time in the camps across Europe, to the occupation of Berlin after the war. I immediately set about transcribing them, along with his POW war log that detailed some of more harrowing moments of his capture. You can only imagine the questions that I might have for him now. Knowing some of the details surrounding this formative part of his life has given me a greater understanding of my grandfather.

My obsession with the story of the capture, camps and way of life for Grandpa and his fellow POWs turned into my dissertation at university. More recently I have attempted to turn the whole tale into a graphic story. I like to think of it as an illustrated account where his words and my images meet across the generations and increasing distance from the event. It is not to glorify or exalt him, but really because it’s a fascinating aspect of the war that, to my mind, is not portrayed enough visually. So often when people thing of prisoners of war they think of a Hollywood version of The Great Escape.

While there were moments of drama in the life of a POW, much of it was dull routine and boredom, and this is what I really wish to show. Much of my research has surrounded what prisoners were given to employ themselves through the months and often years until release. The importance of learning, reading, drawing, games, sport and various clubs and meetings became essential. Grandpa always said he’d never read so much as when a prisoner, and it did seem like he’d read everything when I was little.

The project is enjoying a break for a short while but will be finished at some point when I’m ready to continue with it. As you can imagine it is quite intense, with the added pressure of being true to Grandpa’s writing. More images are available on my website www.lottiestoddart.com, as well as K. B. Stoddart’s story on www.cstoddartwarblog.wordpress.com

 

 

This illustration accompanies his words just after capture. Grandpa had been flown from Libya, where he was seized by the Nazi Panzers, to Bari in Southern Italy.

“At Bari nothing to do or eat. Read the Book of Revelations and spend days in semi coma.”

 

 

[Lottie Stoddart is an illustrator and writer based in the UK. Lottie Stoddart].

 

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This week in the War, 18–24 November 1940: Hungary, Romania & Slovakia join the Tripartite Pact

This week in the war, three more countries joined the German-Italian-Japanese ‘Axis’ by signing the Tripartite Pact: Hungary (20 November 1940), Romania (23 November 1940), and Slovakia (24 November 1940).

Stalin had also been approached and was considering signing. Of course, Hitler had no intention of permitting it. He was planning to invade the Soviet Union early in 1941.

The poster to the right appears whimsical to us now. It was printed in Japan to honour the 27 September 1940 signing of the Tripartite Pact by the original three members: Germany, Italy, and Japan. Inset bubbles show the three leaders: Adolf Hitler, Emperor Hirohito, and Benito Mussolini.

Joining the pact was not equivalent to entering World War II. The Japanese did not enter the war until 7 December 1941 (Pearl Harbour time), when they attacked the still neutral United States and also British colonial possessions.

Despite the opposition of Hungarian Prime Minister, Pál Teleki (left), Hungary entered the war in April 1941, by joining the German invasion of neighbouring Yugoslavia.

Romania entered the war on 22 June 1941, when the Romanian army joined the Wehrmacht’s attack on the Soviet Union—Operation Barbarossa. Romanian leader, Ion Antonescu, is shown with Hitler (above right).

The Slovak Republic (Slovakia) was created after Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia and split the country (roughly) in two. The western part became the Protectorate of Bohemia & Moravia and was governed, for a time, by top Nazi Reinhard Heydrich. The eastern part of Czechoslovakia was renamed Slovakia.

Slovakia entered World War II when the Slovakian army joined the Wehrmacht’s invasion of Poland in September 1939. (Which was well over a year before Slovakia signed the Tripartite Pact).

The Slovakian Prime Minister Vojtech Tuka is pictured above and to the right.

 

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This week in the War, 11–17 November 1940: French students march down the Champs Elysees in protest against the Nazi occupation

I do not wish Remembrance week to come to an end without mentioning 11 November 1940, Armistice Day, as it was then called.

In German-Occupied France, the Nazi authorities were fearful that any formal observance of Armistice Day would incite a demonstration. They forbade ceremonies of any kind, even church services or commemorations at war memorials. When the time came to make a stand, it was the young people—rather than the veterans—who defied the ban.

French students staged a massive protest against the Occupation and paraded along the Champs-Élysées—which, since the fall of France, had become the purview of the Wehrmacht and its marching bands. The plaque located in the pavement near France’s tomb of the unknown soldier commemorates the event.

Many of the students were arrested. Many were sent to prison.

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This week in the War, 11–17 November 1940: Blitz on Coventry

When I was a boy, I went on day trips to all of the large cities around the Midlands, as central England is called. Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester, and of course, Coventry—the latter being of Lady Godiva fame. They were big, exciting places, and easier to get to than the seaside.

In those days, there were ample spots to park a car, even the city centre. In part, that was because few English people owned cars. Mostly, it was because large tracts of the downtown cores had been turned into parking lots—the buildings having been cleared away in 1940-41, courtesy of the Luftwaffe.

This week in the war, the night of 14/15 November 1940 created a new verb in the German language: koventrieren, ‘to conventrate’, meaning to utterly destroy a target by bombing from the air. The term was coined by German Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels. The Luftwaffe’s Luftflotte 3 launched a devastating raid against Coventry that night. Over five hundred citizens perished and many more were wounded.

The raid was the first to combine high explosives (to crater roadways and destroy utilities such as water mains) followed by incendaries to cause fires. It was also the first to use pathfinder aircraft in conjunction with the Luftwaffe’s new X-Gerät electronic navigation system (which replaced the more primitive Knickebein). British scientists had not yet mastered the required electronic countermeasures, and had calculated the modulating frequency incorrectly. The result was that the Luftwaffe bombers could find the city, even in the dark.

Coventry was a centre for the arms production and for the manufacture of aircraft. One third of the city’s factory were destroyed and many more were damaged.

Coventry lost its magnificent medieval cathedral that night.

The story  would be repeated throughout much of Europe. The cross of nails (shown left) is displayed in the ruins of Berlin’s Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church (shown right). The nails were taken from the wreckage of Coventry Cathedral. The City of Coventry is twinned with the City of Dresden in Germany.

As for modern-day Coventry: The city was the first in England to introduce the North American concept of a shopping mall. Called ‘The Precinct’, it is located in the heart of downtown and is shown in the photograph below. The nooks and crannies and winding alleyways of Lady Godiva’s day are no longer there. But perhaps she would still be willing to ride across the overpasses and broad sidewalks of The Precinct.

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This week in the War, 11–17 November 1940: Fleet Air Arm attacks Taranto

This week in the war, on the night of 11–12 November 1940, Fairey Swordfish biplanes from British aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious attacked Taranto Harbour, the principal naval base of the Italian fleet. For the cost of two aircraft shot down, the naval balance of power in the Mediterranean was altered in a single stroke.

Under the command of Admiral Andrew Cunningham, the British Mediterranean Fleet—comprising the ageing battleships Barham, Warspite, Valiant, Malaya, and Ramillies, plus the modern aircraft carrier Illustrious—sailed eastward from Gibralter. Admiral Campioni had concentrated all six of Italy’s battleships at Taranto. Poor reconnaissance and the assumption that the British were likely heading for Malta and thence to Alexandria were to cost the Italians dear.

Shortly after 8.30pm, the first wave of ‘Stringbags’—as the Swordfish biplanes were jokingly called—took off from the deck of the Illustrious. The second wave followed an hour later; 21 aircraft in total, each with a crew of two. The picture to the left—taken by Peter Noble at the 2002 Duxford Air Show—shows one of the few remaining Swordfish. For a plane whose top speed was not much faster than a modern-day car (139 mph or 224 km per hour), the achievement at Taranto was remarkable. [Swordfish aircraft from HMS Ark Royal would later deserve much credit for the sinking of the German battleship Bismarck on 27 May 1941].

Despite the anti-aircraft fire from ships and shore defences, the Swordfish pilots pressed home their attack. When they left, half of Italy’s battleships were no longer fit for action: the Littorio and the Caio Duilio would take several months to repair; the Cavour would not be sea-worthy again. Twenty-one tiny planes, each with a single magnetically-detonated torpedo, had changed the nature of war at sea and signalled an end to the era in which battleships ruled the waves. In Tokyo, the admirals were taking note.

In the decade prior to WWII, British naval strategy assumed that the Royal Navy and France’s substantial fleet would control the Mediterranean, and that Italy would remain neutral. The reality was a neutral (Vichy) France and an Italy that was allied with Hitler. The Battle of Taranto put control—at least for a time—back into British hands, and ensured the flow of supplies to beleaguered Malta and to the Greeks who were fiercely defending their country against the Italian invaders.

Donald Macintyre has written a fine book covering Taranto and much more: The Battle for the Mediterranean (B.T. Batsford Ltd., London, 1964).

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In the news: Remembrance Day/Veterans Day—11 November

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sunday 11 November 2012—Remembrance Day.

Once again, we gather to remember that eleventh hour of the eleventh month of the eleventh year, when the guns went silent and the Great War ended.

It is a time to honour and remember the veterans of all wars and to hear the words of John McCrae’s poem In Flanders Fields recited beside cenotaphs and war memorials around the world.

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In the news: 237th Anniversary of the US Marine Corps—10 November 2012

The United States Marine Corps was created in Philadelphia, two hundred and thirty-seven years ago today, on 10 November 1775.

The memorial shown to the left is dedicated to the men and women of the US Marine Corps who died in defence of their country and is based on the famous photograph of the Marines raising ‘Old Glory’ atop Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima during World War II, 23 February 1945.

The picture below shows US Marines during the Battle of Guam, July 1944. Over 18,000 Japanese were stationed on the island and resistance to the US landings was fierce.

Resistance on Guam effectively came to an end on 10 August 1944, leaving the island and neighbouring Tinian and Saipan in US hands.

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This week in the War, 4–10 November 1940: HMS Jervis Bay goes down fighting

One of the enduring myths of the Royal Navy centres on the idea of a small British force—perhaps even a single ship—holding off a vastly superior enemy. Think Francis Drake versus the Spanish Armada. Think Nelson and any number of ship-against-ship or flotilla-against-flotilla actions during the Napoleonic era. Nautical David-versus-Goliath events occur repeatedly in the Captain Horatio Hornblower novels by C.S. Forester.

Such an event occurred this week in the war when, on 5 November 1940, HMS Jervis Bay took on the German pocket battleship Admiral Scheer.

The Jervis Bay was an armed merchant cruiser, much like the AMC Aurania shown to the left. She was a merchant ship with a few 6-inch guns added on to allow her to serve as a convoy escort. (No armoured plate, of course). The Jervis Bay could drive off a U-boat on the surface, but would be hopelessly outclassed by even the most modest warship, such as a frigate.

On 5 November 1940, the Jervis Bay was escorting a convoy of 37 merchant ships bound for Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, when the convoy was attacked by the Admiral Scheer.

The German surface raider Admiral Scheer was a so-called pocket battleship: heavily armoured and heavily armed—namely two turrets, each with three 11-inch guns. (See photo to the right).

She was one of a class of warships built by Germany to work around the restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty essentially forbade Germany to built battleships. Battleships typically had 15-inch guns (plus or minus an inch).

Pocket battleships were fast. They could outgun any Royal Navy ship that could catch  them. (Remember the Battle of the River Plate, when the pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee had fought off a flotilla of three British cruisers!).

When the Admiral Scheer was sighted, Captain Fogarty Fegen of the Jervis Bay took the decision to sacrifice his ship in order to save the convoy. He signalled the convoy to scatter and turned his ship to head, full speed, directly at the German. It is possible that, at first, the captain of the Admiral Scheer believed he was being attacked by a substantial warship, perhaps a heavy cruiser. He ignored the convoy and attacked the Jervis Bay. The latter was blown to pieces and sunk, before she was even close enough for her own guns to open fire.

As a result of Fegen’s delaying tactics, almost the entire convoy was saved.  The Admiral Scheer managed to catch and sink only six of the 37 merchantmen.

Captain Fegen was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross. The memorial plaque to the right honours some of the Scottish sailors who perished on the Jervis Bay.

Details of the Jervis Bay incident are given in Battle of the Atlantic by University of New Brunswick historian Marc Milner (Vanwell Publishing Limited, St. Catherines, Ontario, Canada, 2003).

 

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