This week in the War, 21–27 August 1944: Liberation of Paris

Crowds line the Champs Elysees to watch the Free French tanks and halftracks of General Leclerc's 2nd Armoured Division, 25 August 1944 [Public domain]

Crowds line the Champs Elysees to watch the Free French tanks and halftracks of General Leclerc’s 2nd Armoured Division, 25 August 1944 [Public domain]

The Free French 2nd Armoured Division of General Philippe Leclerc reached Paris this week in the war, on 24 August 1944.

The next day, the German commandant of Paris, General Dietrich von Choltitz, disobeyed the Fuehrer’s order to destroy the city and surrendered to Leclerc.

On the 26 August 1944, General de Gaulle led a victory procession down the Champs-Élysées. Afterwards, he attended a Te Deum at the cathedral of Notre Dame.

Following the success of Operation Overlord and of Operation Dragoon, the Allies were established in both the north and the south. For France, the days of German rule were clearly numbered.

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This week in the War, 14–20 August 1944: Allies invade the South of France

Operation Dragoon: US troops come ashore on the southern coast of France, 15 August 1944 [Public domain]

Operation Dragoon: US troops come ashore on the southern coast of France, 15 August 1944 [Public domain]

Operation Dragoon: This week in the war, on 15 August 1944, General Patch’s US 7th Army landed on the southern coast of France, between Toulon and Cannes. Parachute troops from the US 1st Airborne dropped further inland in support of the amphibious assault.

General De Lattre de Tassigny’s Free French II Corps disembarked one day later.

Realizing that they were in no position to offer serious opposition, the Germans withdrew north.

Operation Dragoon had been an American proposal and was not favoured by Churchill, who preferred invading the Balkans so that British and American troops would join with the Soviets further to the east. At the 1943 Tehran conference, Stalin was in favour of Operation Dragoon (probably for the same reason that Churchill was opposed).

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This week in the War, 7–13 August 1944: Americans recapture Guam

A stream flows down from the highlands of Guam in the Marianas [Author: David Burdick, Public domain]

A stream flows down from the highlands of Guam in the Marianas [Author: David Burdick, Public domain]

This week in the war, on 10 August 1944, American forces completed their recapture of the island of Guam in the Marianas. Organized Japanese resistance came to an end, although isolated groups of Japanese soldiers continued to hold out and survived for many months.

Guam had been a US territory prior to its capture by the Japanese in 1941. Although little more than 200 square miles in area, the island would provide an air base from which B-29 bombers could strike the Japanese homeland.

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This week in the War, 31 July–6 August 1944: Author-Aviator Antoine de Saint-Exupery dies on reconnaissance mission

Petit Prince hot air balloon [Public domain]

Petit Prince hot air balloon [Public domain]

This week in the war, on 31 July 1944, French author and pilot Antoine Saint-Exupéry was flying his plane on a reconnaissance mission for the Free French. He flew from an airbase in Corsica to gather information on German troop movements for the upcoming Allied invasion of southern France, Operation Dragoon. His aircraft never returned.

It has long been a theory, never substantiated, that his plane was shot down by a Luftwaffe fighter.

Saint-Exupéry became a commercial pilot and a pioneer of airmail services in the 1920s and joined the French air force at the outbreak of war.

Petit Prince/Saint-Exupery 50 franc banknote [Public domain]

Petit Prince/Saint-Exupery 50 franc banknote [Public domain]

After the fall of France, he spent some time in the United States, where he published the now world-famous children’s novel The Little Prince (Le petit prince).

Later, after the Allied landings in North Africa, Operation Torch, he rejoined his former unit (which by then was under US command) and flew for the Free French.

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This week in the War, 24–30 July 1944: Heil Hitler salute is made compulsory for the German armed forces

Hitler Youth bicyclists give the Hitler salute, 1932 [Bundesarchiv, B 145 Bild-P049482/ CC-BY-SA 3.0]

Hitler Youth bicyclists give the Hitler salute, 1932 [Bundesarchiv, B 145 Bild-P049482/ CC-BY-SA 3.0]

To confirm their loyalty following the 20 July bomb plot, from 24 July 1944 onwards, members of the German armed forces were required to use the ‘Heil Hitler’ salute, the  Hitlergruss.

The salute had long been a common form of greeting throughout Germany and Austria, and was also used as a form of ‘goodbye.’ It had been compulsory for German public employees since 1933 and was commonplace in schools, in the Hitler Youth (see photo on the left) and, of course, for the SS. (Jews were forbidden from using it.)

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The week in the War, 17–23 July 1944: The July Bomb Plot

Secret Germany: Stauffenberg and the Mystical Crusade against Hitler ----- by Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh (Penguin, 1995) [Photograph by Edith-Mary Smith]

Secret Germany: Stauffenberg and the Mystical Crusade against Hitler —– by Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh (Penguin, 1995) [Photograph by Edith-Mary Smith]

This week in the war, on 20 July 1944, a German officer named Claus von Stauffenberg carried a bomb from Berlin to the Wolf’s Lair (Wolfsschanze) headquarters in Rastenburg, East Prussia, with a view to putting paid to Hitler once and for all.

Von Stauffenberg had been wounded in Tunisia, losing an eye, his right hand, and two fingers of his left hand. (Colonel Radl, a character in Jack Higgins’s novel The Eagle Has Landed, is loosely based on von Stauffenberg.) During his convalescence, von Stauffenberg became convinced that Germany needed to be rid of Hitler and the Nazis. Despite the strong likelihood of failure for any attempt on Hitler’s life, von Stauffenberg believed that the attempt should be made—if only to show the world that decent Germans had tried to resist.

On 20 July, after arriving in Rastenburg, von Stauffenberg activated the bomb’s delayed-action detonator and carried his briefcase, with the bomb inside, into the meeting hut where Hitler was scheduled to meet his generals. Von Stauffenberg excused himself, leaving his briefcase behind, and the bomb exploded soon after.

Four of those present would die of their wounds but, apart from a perforated eardrum, Hitler was unscathed.

In the confusion, von Stauffenberg was able to returned to Berlin but was shot by a firing squad soon afterwards—as were many that were accused of being implicated in the plot.

Erwin Rommel was another casualty of the July plot. He was offered a choice between suicide on the one hand and a public trial and retribution against his family and staff on the other. Rommel chose to shoot himself.

For a highly readable account of the German resistance movement, earlier attempts on Hitler’s life, and von Stauffenberg and the 20 July Bomb Plot, read Secret Germany: Stauffenberg and the Mystical Crusade against Hitler by Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh (Penguin, 1995).

 

 

 

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This week in the War, 10–16 July 1944: Liberation of Vilnius

A street scene in Vilnius, 1944 [Public domain]

A street scene in Vilnius, 1944 [Public domain]

This week in the war, on 13 July 1944, Soviet forces liberated Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. The fighting was heavy and the Soviet 5th Guards Tank Army suffered considerable casualties.

Germany’s Army Group North was in danger of being cut off. Field Marshal Model and Army Group North commander, Colonel-General Johannes Friessner, had met with the Fuehrer a few days earlier to request permission to withdraw. Hitler had refused. He did not wish to jeopardize his supply of oil from Latvia and iron ore from Sweden.

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Book review: Spitfire Spies

Spitfire Spies --- by John Hughes (Austin Macauley, 2016) [Photograph by Edith-Mary Smith]

Spitfire Spies — by John Hughes (Austin Macauley, 2016) [Photograph by Edith-Mary Smith]

There are two intertwining stories within the Second-World-War novel Spitfire Spies by John Hughes (Austin Macauley Publishers, 2016). One story could naively be labeled male, the other, female. The first concerns the men who are sent to England to spy for Germany. Not all of them are German. One, in fact, is English. The other story is about a pair of women pilots who ferry planes for Britain’s Air Transport Auxiliary. Each storyline coils about the other, not quite touching until the novel’s final and dramatic end.

The spies include Otto von Osten (cover name Ulrich) and Erich Schneider (cover name Ernst). The latter is English and was born Eric Tomlin. His mother was German and he speaks both languages. He plays the trumpet and has moved to Germany to be with his fiercely National-Socialist musician wife, Renate. Eric has changed his first name to Erich and has switched ‘Tomlin’ for his wife’s last name, Schneider, as a gesture of solidarity with the German cause. The mission is to go to England and, by getting hired as factory workers or by other means, to discover the rate of production of Spitfire fighter planes and to pursue any opportunities for sabotage. An air battle between the Luftwaffe and the RAF is looming and both sides believe the Spitfire could affect the final outcome.

Having Germans (or those loyal to Germany) as main protagonists, even heroes, is a central element in Ken Follett’s spy novel, The Eye of the Needle and in Jack Higgins’s The Eagle Has Landed. Readers who have enjoyed those books will very likely enjoy John Hughes’s Spitfire Spies.

The principal women characters of Spitfire Spies are Alison Webb and Heather Norbury, both in the ATA. Both are experienced pilots. Alison was a stunt pilot before the war. Their job in the ATA is to fly aircraft—often biplanes like the Tiger Moth—between RAF storage depots and airfields. Alison dreams of flying a Spitfire but that, of course, is a job for men, for the ‘Brylcreem boys’ of the Royal Air Force. [The women pilots of the ATA have been celebrated in a series of recent books: Carol Gould’s Spitfire Girls, Giles Whittell’s Spitfire Women of World War II, Jackie Moggridge’s Spitfire Girl: My Life in the Sky, and Jacky Hyams’s The Female Few: Spitfire Heroines.]

Readers familiar with the period will appreciate the author John Hughes’s attention to detail such as the reference to British comedian Arthur Askey, to the long-vanished Wolseley cars, and to the well-known British traitor whose radio broadcasts became a feature of daily life and whose accent earned him the nickname Lord Haw-Haw. Hughes makes reference to Britain’s LDV (Local Defense Volunteers) being renamed the Home Guard, and to Field Marshal Goering being promoted to Reichsmarshall Goering (by Hitler on 19 July 1940). One of the novel’s earlier scenes deals with the Wormhout massacre when, during the British retreat towards Dunkirk, SS troops murdered some eighty British and French soldiers who had been taken prisoner.

Thus the novel traces the adventures of Eric and (the somewhat evil) von Osten from Germany to England. Eric gets there via France and the Dunkirk evacuation. The exploits of Alison and Heather are equally engaging. There is no shortage of tension and drama in the ups and down of Spitfire Spies. The love lives of the four protagonists are a source of fascination. Eric, who is having second thoughts about where his loyalties should lie, renounces the voluptuous Renate in favour of Marion Wakeley, a young woman living in the Midlands. She has two small children and no husband. He was one of the unlucky ones. He went to France but never made it home.

Of all the characters in Spitfire Spies, Marion is my favorite. She steals the show, like a ‘Best Supporting Actress’ who truly shines. “A young woman’s voice; a naïve sounding voice, like an adult imitating a girl,” is how Eric first experiences her and Hughes first describes her. And then later: “wild for a few boundless moments” during a tender love scene.

Spitfire Spies has a lot to offer. Readers, regardless of whether or not they are fans of the World War II genre, will find the book enjoyable.

 

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This week in the War, 3–9 July 1944: Liberation of Minsk

Soviet T34 tank entering Minsk, early July 1944 [Public domain]

Soviet T34 tank entering Minsk, early July 1944 [Public domain]

This week in the war, on 3 July 1944, troops of Marshal Rokossovsky’s 1st and General Chernyakhovsky’s 3rd Belorussian fronts entered Minsk, the capital city of Belorussia. The German occupation of Minsk, which had lasted for three years, was finally over.

Most of the 40 divisions of Germany’s Army Group Centre were encircled. Army Group North, located in the Baltic states, was at risk of being cut off.

Faced with the collapse of his armies on the Eastern Front, Hitler would soon leave the Berghof near Berchtesgaden and fly to his Wolfsschanze headquarters in East Prussia, which was nearer to the centre of the action.

 

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This week in the War, 26 June–2 July 1944: Liberation of Cherbourg

Civilians cross a wrecked bridge in Cherbourg, 1944 [Public domain]

Civilians cross a wrecked bridge in Cherbourg, 1944 [Public domain]

After fighting its way along Normandy’s Cotentin peninsular, this week in the war, on 26 June 1944, troops of the 9th Division of the American VII Corps arrived at the edge of the Cherbourg dockyard.

Cherbourg had one of the most important harbours in northern France. Capturing it was a major objective for the Allied forces that had invaded Normandy. Unfortunately for the Allies, Germany’s commanding admiral in Cherbourg, Walter Hennecke had had the port facilities completely wrecked. Hitler reward him with the Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross.

It was well into August before the port could service seagoing vessels.

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